Author: notaperubatan

  • Vancomycin

    Miscellaneous

  • Bone Marrow Density (DEXA scan)

    DEXA is an abbreviation of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry

    Purpose

    • It’s used to measure bone mineral density (BMD). This helps to diagnose conditions such as osteoporosis, and osteopenia.

    Advise to Patients

    • Advise patient to avoid taking calcium supplements for at least 24 hours before bone density test
    • Otherwise, no other special preparations needed
  • NYHA Classification

    💎 Class I

    • No limitation of physical activity
    • Ordinary physical activity does not cause undue fatigue, palpitation or shortness of breath

    💎 Class II

    • Slight limitation of physical activity
    • Comfortable at rest
    • Ordinary physical activity results in fatigue, palpitation, shortness of breath or chest pain.

    💎 Class III

    • Marked limitation of physical activity
    • Comfortable at rest
    • Less than ordinary activity causes fatigue, palpitation, shortness of breath or chest pain

    💎 Class IV

    • Symptoms of heart failure at rest
    • Any physical activity causes further discomfort

    Examples of ordinary physical activities:

    • walking at moderate pace, light housework (e.g. sweeping floors), climbing a few flights of stairs,

    Examples of less than ordinary physical activities:

    • walking at slower pace, showering
  • Forrest Classification for Gastric Ulcers

    OGDS report of patient X (he was sent back from scope room to the ward): “Forrest 3 clean base ulcer at antrum and fundus…” — What is Forrest 3 ulcer? Is it dangerous?

    Forrest I
    • Ia: Spurting (rebleed risk without treatment = 85 – 100%)
    • Ib: Oozing (rebleed risk without treatment = 10 – 30%)

    Forrest II
    • IIa: Visible vessel (rebleed risk without treatment = 50 – 60%)
    • IIb: Adherent clot (rebleed risk without treatment = 25 – 35%)
    • IIc: Pigmented spot (rebleed risk without treatment = <8%)

    Forrest III
    • III: Clean base (rebleed risk without treatment = <5%)

  • Referring Cases

    Understand the system in your hospital

    Different hospitals or even different departments have different systems.
    Some departments/ Unit, you need to refer to specialist oncall (not because they don’t have MO but maybe because it’s a subspecialised case). Usually our MOs can help to do this kind of referrals.

    Some departments have MO oncall for the whole day from AM today till AM next day

    • the same MO will accept referrals during and after office hours

    Some departments have MO peri (peripheral) – i.e. they will see all the referral cases from their peripheral wards.

    Sometimes, operator has only MO oncall number. Then how to find the MO who previously reviewed your patient? Ask your friends in the hospital/department HO chat groups anyone has number of that MO.

    In some departments, MO oncall will see all new and old cases referred to that department. So you can call operator to ask who is the MO referral from that department on that day

    In some departments, the same MO in charge will only see the patients that they are in charge / the patients initially referred to their teams.
    For example, patient A and patient B were both previously referred to department X, but reviewed by different teams in the same department. So you would need to call back MOs from different teams to review patient A and patient B.

    From time to time, you will understand about this system.
    So that your referral can go through smoothly. This saves your time, just need to refer to the correct MO referral to see your case.

  • Clerking A Patient

    Introduction

    Clerking patient is a routine job for any doctor. Inpatient clerking is not simply copying the entries from ED or OPD notes. Once the patients are in the ward we should ask further detailed history and do further physical examination or laboratory tests to rule out or rule in other diagnosis.

    Miscellaneous

    For certain comorbidities, patients should have a record book with them. Remember to have a look if necessary:

    • Patients on regular warfarin under INR clinic / MTAC follow-up would have an INR book, where the usual INR range and adjustment of warfarin doses are recorded
    • Patients with diabetes mellitus would have a diabetes mellitus follow-up book, where certain information such as HbA1c, weight, medication list are recorded
    • Patients with ESRF on CAPD would have a CAPD record book, where you can get information regarding the input and output of the peritoneal dialysis fluid
    • Patients with TB would have a TB treatment book which gives you information regarding weight, anti-TB treatment regime, medication administration record, and follow-up date

    Perhaps there are many other record books with patients. Always ask from patients regarding these books, so you can have rough idea how patient and the control of those chronic illnesses.

  • Dengue

    Miscellaneous

    Let’s learn dengue from our ID Physicians. Upon completion of the course, you will get a certificate of completion as well, use your real name. https://www.openlearning.com/courses/dengue-training-for-secondary-care

  • Helicobacter Pylori (H. Pylori) Infection

    Eradication Therapy ⭐️

    Proton-pump inhibitor

    • T Esomeprazole (Nexium®) 40mg OD for 6weeks, or
    • T Pantoprazole 40mg BD for 2 weeks, then 40mg OD for 4 weeks

    Antibiotics

    • T Amoxicillin 1g BD for 2 weeks + T Clarythromycin 500mg BD 2 weeks
  • Renal Profile (RP) & BUSE

    Urea-Creatinine Ratio

    Sometimes, you might be able to suspect upper GI Bleed from RP, if patient has sudden anaemia (Hb drop)!

    This first thing that you will do when there is significant Hb drop is doing a Per Rectal Examination to look for melaena

    You might need to take RP & coagulation profile, together with PR finding then you refer Surgical / Gastro team for OGDS

    =====
    Urea: 3.1 – 9.1 mmol/L
    Creat: 60 – 100 micromol/L = (0.06 – 0.1 mmol/L)

    Normal ratio of urea-creatinine ratio is 40 – 100:1 (make urea & creatinine in similar unit, i.e. mmol/L)

    Example: When urea is 2.5, estimated creatinine should be about 2.5 ÷ 40 = 0.0625 mmol/L , i.e. 62.5 micromol/L

    When urea is 14, estimated creatinine should be about 350 micromol/L (14 ÷ 40 × 1000)

    However, urea is considered relatively high if urea is 14, while creatinine is only 120 (14 ÷ 0.12 = 116, i.e. >100:1)

    Further reading: https://litfl.com/urea-creatinine-ratio/

    Miscellaneous

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